These cells were able to give rise to adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, neuronal and hepatic cells. These cells have the capability to differentiate into functional cells corresponding to any of the three main embryonic germ layers. ![]() This result was obtained without the need to use a feeder layer, doubling and retaining long telomeres to over 250 population doublings. Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells were found to expand extensively. These cells show a mediocre stage between the two types of stem cells, ESCs and non-ESCs. These undifferentiated cells were found to express some embryonic stem cell markers. In 2007, isolation of multipotent stem cells from amniotic liquid was performed. Because of the observation that they proliferate at a high rate without apparent loss of pluripotency or teratogenic potential when transplanted in immunodeficient animals, amniotic fluid stem cells were credited with being a safer alternative to hESCs ( 7, 8). Moreover, these cells differentiate as ESCs and EGCs in the cell lineages from three germ layers. These cells express the markers present in pluripotent embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells, such as Oct-4, Nanog and alkaline phosphatase (AP). Furthermore, behavior of these cells in vivo is not well understood much research would be required to avoid unwanted outcomes, including ectopic tissue formation, tumor induction or other unusual development ( 5, 6).Īmniotic epithelial cells (AECs) are derived from the amniotic membrane in placenta. Fetal tissue may provide deposited progenitors, but the possibility of large scale sourcing and construction of products using such cells is doubtful. The range of potential fates would be relatively limited compared to embryonic stem cells, because EG cells are much further along in evolvement (5-9 weeks). Embryonic germ (EG) cells are derived from primordial germ line cells in primitive fetal tissue. In 1998 isolation, culture and characterization of germ cells derived from the gonadal ridge of human tissue obtained were shown. Recently studies showed that human hESCs differentiate into keratinocytes, chondrocyte and osteocyte ( 2- 4) ( Figure 1). These cells have demonstrated longevity in culture by maintaining their undifferentiated state for 80 passages. Recent reports showed that these cells can be grown without using a feeder layer. ES cells can be isolated by immunosurgery from the inner cell mass of embryo during the blastocyst phase and are usually grown on feeder layers consisting of embryonic fibroblast cells. ICM cells have the potential to generate any cell type, but after implantation, these cells differentiate to other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from inner cell mass (ICM) of embryo. The derivation of ES cells from mouse was first reported in 1981 and in 1998 the derivations of human ES cell lines were reported. ![]() Human embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are undifferentiated cells that have self-renewal and differentiate into all cell types. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent and can differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers and non-embryonic stem cells, known as adult stem cells, are multipotent and their ability to differentiate into different cell types assumed to be more limited ( 1).Ģ. There are two main types of stem cells, embryonic and non-embryonic types. In addition, they found that these cells were capable of self-renewal. They concluded that any nodule arose from a single bone marrow cell. Stem cells were first studied in 1963, when bone marrow cells were injected into irradiated mice and noticed tumors growth in mice spleens. Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Disease 1. This review focused on types of stem cells used in regenerative medicine. Between them, age-related functional defects, hematopoietic and immune system disorders, heart failures, chronic liver injuries, diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, arthritis and muscular, skin, lung, eye, and digestive disorders, aggressive and regressive cancers can be treated by cell therapies. These cells can be used for treating some degenerative diseases. Two basic and clinical researches accomplished during the recent years on embryonic and adult stem cells constituted a mutation in regenerative therapy.
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